electricity
electricityGrid electricity is not a combustible material: it has no density or heating value, so mass and volume conversions simply do not apply (unlike a genuine data gap, which we mark 'not available'). '1 kWh of electricity' converts as pure energy (into kWh, MJ, BTU, etc., using exact SI conversions). We do not show a CO₂e figure until you choose a region and year, because grid carbon intensity depends on the country, the year, and even the time of day. The region/year figures shown (UK 2025, EU-27 2023, EU-27 2022) are illustrative examples, not global defaults — both EU years are shown together on purpose, to make clear how much grid intensity changes from year to year.
- Grid electricity CO2e has no single correct global factor — it depends on the country/region, the year, and even the time of day. Pick a region and year for a real figure; the values shown without one are illustrative examples only, not defaults.
- Illustrative region+year electricity factors are generation-only / location-based (see each factor's own uncertainty note) and are not updated in real time.
Density
Not available.
Heating values
Not available.
Emission factors
| Metric | Value | Scope | Region / year | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CO₂e | 177 gCO2e/kWh | Scope 2 (purchased energy) | UK · 2025 | |
| CO₂ | 242 gCO2/kWh | Scope 2 (purchased energy) | EU-27 · 2023 | |
| CO₂ | 292 gCO2/kWh | Scope 2 (purchased energy) | EU-27 · 2022 | |
| CO₂ | 347.996066264 gCO2/kWh | Scope 2 (purchased energy) | US · 2023 | |
| CO₂e | 349.674358033 gCO2e/kWh | Scope 2 (purchased energy) | US · 2023 |
CO₂ ≠ CO₂e — separate metrics, never converted into one another. What these metrics mean →
Worked example
Open in converter →Conversion results
Energy
Same energy expressed in other units.
Fuel equivalents
Convention-defined energy-equivalence units (toe, boe, tce).
Industrial units
therm, MMBTU, quad.
Emissions — context required
CO₂ and CO₂e are separate — never derived from each other.
Grid electricity CO2/CO2e intensity depends on the country/region, the year, and even the time of day — there is no single correct global factor. Pick a region and year.
- UK 2025 CO₂e 177 gCO2e/kWh
- EU-27 2023 CO₂ 242 gCO2/kWh
- EU-27 2022 CO₂ 292 gCO2/kWh
- US 2023 CO₂ 347.996066264 gCO2/kWh
- US 2023 CO₂e 349.674358033 gCO2e/kWh
Sources
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), US Dept. of Commerce
- Universal Converter project (internal)
- International Energy Agency (IEA)
- UK Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ)
- US Energy Information Administration (EIA)
Follow each source back to its primary document — that traceability is the point. How conversions work →